Thursday, April 25, 2013

Halloween VI, Texas Chainsaw Massacre IV and the Meaning of Horror Part III


Welcome to the third and final installment in my examination of Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (the sixth Halloween film in the original series) and Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation. Over the years I've come to see these two films as companion pieces for a combination of reasons: The timeframe in which they were both filmed (both in 1994 while they were ultimately released in 1995 and 1997 respectively), the ample use of conspiracy theories made by both films, and especially their linkage of serial killers to cults. In the case of Halloween 6, which I examined in great length in the first and second installment of this series, a cult originating from Smith's Grove Sanitarium (the mental hospital where Michael Myers escaped from in the original Halloween film) is revealed to have been guiding Michael over the years and through the course of his numerous killing sprees.

While there are some startling instances of conspiracy culture, twilight language and outright synchronicities in Halloween 6 it ultimately pales in comparison to Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation. Almost totally unknown to general audiences beyond the fact that it featured Renée Zellweger and Matthew McConaughey in early starring roles, The Next Generation is a truly strange film on several levels. Unlike Halloween 6, which has a dedicated group of supporters, Next Generation is almost universally panned and not without reason: First time director Kim Henkel, who cowrote the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre with Tobe Hooper (as well as the classic Eaten Alive) and has remained closely involved with the series for years, seems generally out of his element in the director's chair.

a young Henkel

On the flip side of the coin, Next Generation was somewhat ahead of its time. In an interview with the Austin Chronicle Henkel described the film as "a black comedy about dysfunctional families" and that ultimately seems only partly correct. If anything the film seems as though it is meant as a total satire of the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre, even reducing Leatherface to a bumbling, shrieking transsexual obsessed with acquiring a new face. Several classic scenes and sequences from the original film (such as the meat hook sequence and the family dinner scene) are almost totally re-created in mocking fashion.

the saw as lipstick is as apt a metaphor for this film as any

In those pre-Scream days both audiences and studios alike were confused by the film's comical self-awareness. Even after Kevin Williamson's Tarantino-lite shtick became all the rage in horror the film's sheer cartoonishness left audiences cold. As noted above, this is partly due to Henkel's lack of chops behind the camera -- maybe it was simply the lack of funding, but the entire film has an amateurish air about it and as a result what was probably meant to be funny appears to be incompetence on screen.

Like Halloween 6, the Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation was littered with chaos behind the scenes. The film was originally shot in 1994 and did a very limited theatrical run in the same year as well as appearing in the South by South-west Film and Media Conference in 1995 under the title of The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre.

From there the film was supposed to receive a wider release, but the studio behind it (Columbia/Tri-Star) began re-editing the film and pushing back its release date. Initially they claimed that they were waiting for the release of Next Generation star Renée Zellweger's 1996 film, Jerry Maguire, which proved to be her star making turn as many industry insiders predicted.



By 1996's end Next Generation costar Matthew McConaughey was also well on his way to Hollywood's A-list. And yet Next Generation, which featured these two rising stars in the lead roles, remained on the shelves. The film's producer, Robert Kuhn, told the Austin Chronicle that it was McConaughey's agent who was putting pressure on the studio not to release Next Generation theatrically, stating:
"Then they started telling us that, off the record, CAA [Creative Artists Agency], which is Matthew's agent, was putting pressure on them not to release the film theatrically. In any event, we sued Columbia/TriStar, and then ultimately decided that we were not going to be successful because the arbitration provisions in the contract were so strong. We dismissed our cases and are now preparing to file another lawsuit against CAA, for interference with our contract. That will probably be filed this week."


Ultimately the film received a very limited theatrical run (less than 20 US cities) in an edited version: The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre version clocked in at 95 minutes while The Next Generation version only ran a total of 86. Unlike Halloween 6, these cuts do not seem to have dramatically altered the plot line of the film though they did potentially add to the amateurish feel of it.

Plot wise, there really isn't much to report until the third act of the film. Up until that point the movie is a generic slasher scenario in which four 30-something high school students (including Zellweger) depart from the prom and become lost on a back road in Texas. From there the inevitable happens: Their car breaks down, they become separated, and are ultimately terrorized by various members of the Slaughter family (seriously), which includes: Vilmer (McConaughey), his girlfriend Darla (Tonie Perensky), and his two brothers, W.E. (Joe Stevens) and Leatherface (Robert Jacks).

three of our four unfortunate youths with Darla, who moonlights as a real estate agent

As noted above, Next Generation lifts liberally from the original Texas Chainsaw film in a seeming attempt to parody it as well as the slasher genre in general. Thus the audience is treated to a performance by McConaughey that borders on high camp (was he trying to out do Viggo Mortensen's turn from the third Texas Chainsaw movie?) and an interpretation of Leatherface that would make many drag queens blush, among other things. Still, there are hints throughout the film that something far more ominous is being depicted in it than a conventional slasher blood bath, most notably in the character of Vilmer with his bizarre robotic leg and his wrecker truck that happens to have "Illuminati" written on the door.


Then there's the appearance of a five pointed star on the screen door of the Slaughter home that is displayed prominently in several scenes. In Freemasonry the five pointed star is symbolic of Sirius, the Dog Star.
"To find in the BLAZING STAR of five points an allusion to the Divine Providence, is also fanciful; and to make it commemorative of the Star that is said to have guided the Magi, is to give it a meaning comparatively modern. Originally it represented SIRIUS, or the Dog-star, the forerunner of the inundation of the Nile; the God ANUBIS, companion of Isis in her search for the body of OSIRIS, her brother and husband. Then it became the image of HORUS, the son of OSIRIS, himself symbolized also by the Sun, the author of the Seasons, and the God of Time; Son of Isis, who was the universal nature, himself the primitive matter, inexhaustible source of Life, spark of uncreated fire, universal seed of all beings. It was HERMES also, the Master of Learning, whose name in Greek is that of the God Mercury. It became the sacred and potent sign or character of the Magi, the PENTALPHA, and the significant emblem of Liberty and Freedom, blazing with a steady radiance amid the weltering elements of good and evil of Revolutions, and promising serene skies and fertile seasons to the nations, after the storms of change and tumult."
(Morals and Dogmas, Albert Pike, pg. 15)
Sirius, the Blazing Star of Masonry

Sirius has long been suspected of being highly important to ancient pagan practices, especially those concerning the Mystery schools. Much more on Sirius and the festivities and rituals surrounding it can be found here and here.

But back to The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation. It's not to nearly an hour into the film (specifically, around the 55 minute mark) that it becomes truly mind blowing. It all begins with a strange conversation between Jenny (Zellweger) and Darla while the latter is helping the former prepare for one of the Slaughter family's infamous dinners. Darla blames Vilmer's new job on his psychotic behavior, which spurs Jenny to ask what type of job involves killing random people. Darla's explanation doesn't disappoint:

Darla
Well, I really shouldn't be telling you this, but you know how you always hear these stories about these people who run everything but nobody knows who they are, right? Well, its true. I mean, I never would have believed it, but its all true. I mean, who do you think killed Kennedy?
 
Jenny
The government?
 
Darla
No, that government stuff is bullcrap. It's these people and they've been doing this type of thing for like a thousand or two thousand years... I forget which. And nobody, and I mean nobody, knows their names. And that's who Vilmer works for.
 

Apparently this scene was one of the ones edited down by Columbia/TriStar. It's easy to suspect foul play but later bits of dialogue are even more revealing than this sequence. Next Generation really goes into overdrive a few minutes later when the character of Rothman (James Gale) makes the scene. His entrance is set up by a re-creation of the notorious dinner sequence from the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre, with Jenny begging Darla to help her and Darla declining to do so because Vilmer has implanted a device in her head that will blow it up if he presses a trigger. Just as Jenny is beginning to call Darla's story BS Rothman appears.

 
Coming off like a figure that has wandered out of a David Lynch film, Rothman arrives at the Slaughter residence in a limousine and clad in a black suit, vaguely echoing a MIB (Man in Black). It is soon revealed that beneath the suit he sports a series of elaborate tattoos and piercings upon his chest. The Rothman character clearly seems to be a play off of the numerous conspiracy theories concerning the Rothschild banking dynasty.
"Like the German Hanoverian kings, the Rothschild banking empire was British only in the sense that it had been in England for a long time. It's roots were actually in Germany. the House of Rothschild was founded in Frankfurt in the mid-eighteenth century, when a moneylender named Mayer Amschel Bauer changed his name to Amschel Rothschild and fathered ten children. His five sons were sent to the major capitals of Europe to open branches of the family banking business. Nathan, the most astute of the sons, went to London, where he opened the family branch called N. M. Rothschild & Sons. Nathan's brothers managed N. M. Rothschild's branches in Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Naples.
"The family fortunes got a major boost in 1815, when Nathan pulled off the mother of all insider trades. He led British investors to believe that the Duke of Wellington had lost to Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. In a matter of hours, British government bond prices plummeted. Nathan, who had advance information, then swiftly bought up the entire market in government bonds, acquiring a dominant holding in England's debt for pennies on the pound. Over the course of the nineteenth century, N. M. Rothschild would become the biggest bank in the world, and the five brothers would come to control most of the foreign-loan business of Europe. 'Let me issue and control any nations money,' Amschel Rothschild boasted in 1790, ' and I care not who writes its laws.'"
(Web of Debt, Ellen H. Brown, pg. 75) 
good ole N.M...

But back to Rothman. He is apparently Vilmer's employer and their exchanges are priceless. It begins with Vilmer leaving the dining room to answer the door for Rothman, greeting him with: "Well, what the hell do you want?"

Rothman
 
Rothman, who is accompanied by his limo driver, stares down Vilmer as he removes his coat and states: "I assume that that is a rhetorical question." Vilmer responds in kind: "You assume whatever you goddamn well please, it ain't no skin off my ass." Rothman, who had been walking into the house, pauses to turn around and stare once again at Vilmer. "Is that what you want me to think? That you're a silly boy?" Rothman asks Vilmer enigmatically before heading into the dining room.
 
There he is greeted by a frantic Jenny, whom he appears to comfort for a moment while easing her back into her chair at the table.  After he has calmed Jenny down, Rothman turns to face the rest of the Slaughter family and asks: "What is this?" while looking at Vilmer. After a beat he continues: "No? Can anybody else tell? Then, to Jenny: "Things are going to change, I can promise you that."
 
With that Rothman rises to his feet, much to Jenny's dismay, and takes Vilmer aside where one of the great monologues of modern horror is delivered by the man in black:
 
Rothman
Fuck! This is appalling. You are here for one reason, and one reason only. Do you understand that? I want to here you say you understand that. No? It's very simple. I want these people to know the meaning of horror... horror... is that clear? You don't want to be a silly boy. Is... that... clear?
 
Vilmer
Fuckin'-A it is!
 
With that Rothman begins undoing his shirt, revealing the bizarre body manipulations upon his chest and stomach. He takes a few more swipes at Vilmer before turning his attention back to a terrified Jenny, who he hungrily licks on the face with his tongue for a few moments before departing.

 
From this point the movie turns truly surreal. Jenny is able to escape from the Slaughter residence shortly thereafter by grabbing one of the remotes for Vilmer's electronic leg, which she uses to make him fall down a lot while she flees on foot. Vilmer and Leatherface give chase.

 
Jenny makes it to the road where she comes upon an elderly couple in a RV. They are driving so slowly that she is able to catch up with the vehicle on foot and force her way aboard. Leatherface is in hot pursuit of Jenny, spurring the immortal line "There is a monster chasing her with a chainsaw! Step on it Mr. Spodish!" from the old woman in the RV. Soon Vilmer joins the fray in his truck, picking up Leatherface, who is then able to slash at the RV with his chainsaw from the passenger side of the wrecker.

Vilmer is able to force the RV off the road, which Jenny emerges from seemingly unharmed. Leatherface and Vilmer prepare to give chase after her on foot, but then a remote controlled airplane appears and kills Vilmer with the propeller blades. Leatherface, in full drag, begins to scream and spin around in a circle frantically as a limousine comes upon the scene. Jenny takes refuge in the back and naturally finds Rothman there waiting for her. The limousine takes off, with Leatherface giving it ample distance while Rothman gazes upon the horror icon in disgust. He then returns to Jenny and delivers another peculiar monologue:
 
Rothman
All this, it's been an abomination. You really must accept my sincere apologies. It was supposed to be a spiritual experience. I can't tell you how disappointed I am. I suppose it's something we all live with. People like us strive for something, a sense of harmony. Perhaps its disappointment that keeps us going... Unfortunately, it's never been easy for me. One of my many failings.
 
Jenny
Fuck you.
 
Rothman
Would you like to go to the local hospital? Or to a police station?
 

Apparently Jenny chose the former as that is where the movie picks up in the next scene. There she is seen sitting in a waiting room and talking to a police officer (played by John Dugan who appeared as Grandpa in the original Chainsaw Massacre) who is saying "You know, this isn't the first time something like this has happened." Suddenly a wild-eyed woman is wheeled by on a gurney who makes eye contact with Jenny. The woman is played by Marilyn Burns, who was the protagonist in the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and the insinuation seems to be that it is the same character. After exchanging terrified stares with the woman Jenny watches her being wheeled away by an orderly (Paul A. Partain, who appeared as the wheelchair-bound Franklin in the 'Saw '74) while the cop askes in the background: "Miss, do you know who that is? Miss? What the hell is going on here?" With that the film briefly turns back to Leatherface, who is still screaming and spinning in circles with his chainsaw at the spot where Vilmer was killed before fading to black.

 
Clearly there is much more to Next Generation's third act than your standard slasher fare and the viewer is left with a few compelling allusions, most notably Rothman's description of the Slaughter clan's reign of terror as a "spiritual experience" and his fixation with "the meaning of horror." How then ultimately are we to take Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation on a symbolic level?
 
As I see it, the film can be interpreted in at least three distinct ways. On the most superficial level it can be seen as a metaphor for how the movie industry used to treat filmmakers who got their start in, or became associated with, the horror genre. Nowadays horror has become a fashionable steppingstone for young filmmakers on their way to bigger and better things but it didn't used to be like this.
 
Frequently once a filmmaker became tagged as a horror director one would in turn face an uphill struggle trying to find financing for anything that was outside the genre, even in the case of directors such as John Carpenter who had proven themselves to be adept in numerous other styles. In some cases it became difficult for them to even find funding for a film outside the framework of the franchise for which they were chiefly known if they even had offers to operate out of said franchise in the first place. This was especially true of Tobe Hooper (the director and cowriter of the original and second Texas Chainsaw Massacre who has remained closely involved with the series ever since) and his frequent collaborator Henkel.

Hooper
 
After achieving a certain degree of success with the original Chainsaw Hooper would go on to direct two films very much like it, 1977's Eaten Alive (which Henkel also cowrote) and 1981's Funhouse. At this point Hooper got a shot at the big time when Steven Spielberg tapped him to direct his big-budget supernatural horror film Poltergeist. The film proved to be a major hit and Hooper would go on to helm to more big-budget films, 1985's Lifeforce and 1986's remake of Invaders from Mars. Unfortunately for Hooper both films tanked and he soon found himself helming another Texas Chainsaw Massacre, the second film in the series, which did not fare much better.



the downward spiral of Hooper's career
 
And that was effectively the end of Hooper's career as far as theatrical films were concerned for nearly two decades. He did manage a few low-budget releases such as the underrated Stephen King adaptation of The Mangler and the softcore porn otherwise known as Night Terrors (which nonetheless helped me through a few nights as a teenager) but Hooper has presumably earned his bread for years now working as a "consultant" for the endless array of Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake/re-imaginings.
 
Hooper at least fared better than his frequent Chainsaw collaborator Henkel, who has only managed to be involved in a handful of films outside of the franchise he and Hooper spawned over the years. To his credit, Henkel did manage to write the scripts for two films outside of the horror genre -- 1983's Last Night at the Alamo and 1994's Doc's Full Service (both films directed by Eagle Pennell) -- but neither film change the horror label his career was branded with long ago.

 
With this in mind it is unsurprising that Henkel seems bored with the horror aspects of Next Generation, putting the bulk of his energies into the comedic/satirical aspects. Throughout Next Generation one can't help but feel that Henkel envisioned a much different film but had to force the most compelling aspects of his script into the framework of a Texas Chainsaw Massacre film in order to have any hope of securing funding.
 
In this context Vilmer can be seen as a stand-in for Henkel himself while Rothman embodies the studio system as a whole. Neither Vilmer or Henkel seem to have their hearts fully invested in their respective jobs, both possessed with a desire to be a "silly boy." Rothman/studio system will have none of this in turn, having no need of a social satire penned by Henkel. Vilmer ultimately loses his life for his silliness while Henkel would not be involved in another film for nearly a decade and his return was likely only due to the studio system wanting to slap his name as a producer on the new Chainsaw films to entice the fan boys.

 
On a secondary level the film can be read as an allegory of the long rumored underground cult network with ties to various notorious serial killers such as Charles Manson and David "Son of Sam" Berkowitz. Granted such theories had only begun to receive serious attention within conspiracy circles in the late 1980s thanks to the publication of The Ultimate Evil but Henkel is also a resident of Texas, a state that would become especially relevant to this lore around the same time frame.
 
In 1983 Henry Lee Lucas was arrested and shortly thereafter began making allegations that would make him one of the most notorious serial killers in modern US history. Lucas claimed (or was coerced into claiming by the police) to have been involved in hundreds of murders during his time as a drifter in the American South and Southwest, sometimes collaborating with his "partner" Ottis Toole. As fantastical as these allegations were, they were nothing compared to his claims of working for an organization/cult known as the Hand of Death.
"Henry, as it turns out, has some interesting tales to tell. Just a couple of years into his incarceration, he told his story in a book written for him by a sympathetic author. The book, entitled The Hand of Death: The Henry Lee Lucas Story, tells of Henry's indoctrination into a nationwide satanic cult. Lucas claimed that he was trained by the cult in a mobile paramilitary training camp in the Florida Everglades. His training, he said, included instruction in abduction and arson techniques, as well as in the fine art of killing, up close and personal. Henry further claimed that leaders of the camp were so impressed with his handling of a knife that he was allowed to serve as an instructor. Following his training, Henry claimed that he served the cult in various ways, including as a contract killer and as an abductor of children, whom he delivered to a ranch in Mexico near Juarez. Once there, they were used in the production of child photography and for ritual sacrifices. Henry has said that this cult's operations were based in Texas, and including trafficking in children and drugs, among other illegal pursuits."
(Programmed to Kill, David McGowan, pgs. 73-74)
Henry

Needless to say, virtually every aspect of Henry's story is highly controversial, his innocence being proclaimed by no less an organization than Amnesty International while Henry himself later alleged that he had been induced into making such claims after being tortured by the police. Indeed, it would be most easy to dismiss Henry's Hand of Death were it not for the Matamoros cult.

I've already discussed Adolfo Constanzo's outfit at great length before here, here, and here so I shall only give a brief rundown for our purposes now: Constanzo, born on November 1, 1962 (the Celtic New Year, Samhain, was traditionally celebrated from sundown on October 31 till dawn on November 1), was a Cuban-American who spent part of his youth in Miami. During his childhood he was schooled in the arts of Santeria and Palo Mayombe by both his own mother as well as a Haitian padrino. He began to establish himself in Mexico City around 1983, where he first supported himself as a tarot card reader. By 1984 he moved to Mexico City permanently and began setting up a cult based upon the Santeria and Palo Mayombe practices he had learned as a child. Constanzo also began forging ties with drug dealers, Mexican celebrities, and high-ranking law enforcement officials (several of whom allegedly had CIA links).

Constanzo

By 1989 Constanzo had set himself up in Matamoros where he and his cult trafficked drugs for the Gulf Cartel (which I documented before here) while also performing human sacrifices upon victims who ranged from rival drug dealers, random individuals taken off the streets of Matamoros and at least one American college student visiting there for Spring Break. The latter would prove to be Constanzo's downfall as the college kid, one Mark Kilroy, came from a politically connected family in Texas that was able to bring pressure on US and Mexican authorities to find their son's murderer.

Authorities eventually traced Constanzo's cult to a ranch located in the countryside between Matamoros and the US border. There they found well over a dozen bodies killed in a variety of ways, including beheadings and machete blows to the head. In many cases brains, heart, lungs, and other internal organs had been torn from the bodies, some of which were found stewing in a cauldron at the ranch. Some victims had been raped by Constanzo (who was bisexual) before being killed and ritualistic cannibalism reportedly took place at times involving the body parts.


images from Constanzo's ranch

The revelation of the Matamoros cult, which came in April of 1989, added much validity to the accusations made by Maury Terry in his 1988 work The Ultimate Evil and the longstanding rumors of an underground cult network with ties to organized crime as well as serial killers. Stranger still was a map drawn by Henry Lee Lucas for Texas authorities outlining various locations his Hand of Death cult operated out of, one of them being near Brownsville, Texas, which is just across the border from Matamoros.
"One of the more compelling aspects of Henry's story was his contention that he had ties to cult-run ranches just south of the U.S. border. In 1989, just such a ranch was excavated in Matamoros, Mexico --just south of Brownsville, Texas --yielding the remains of fifteen ritual sacrifice victims. The Matamoros case so closely paralleled the stories told years earlier by Lucas that some law enforcement personnel in Texas chose to take a closer look at Henry's professed cult connections. In fact, Jim Boutwell --the sheriff of Williamson County, Texas --later told a reporter that investigators had verified that Lucas was indeed involved in cult activities.
"Following the discovery in Matamoros, Clemmie Schroeder -identified as Henry's spiritual adviser -sent to the state attorney general a map Lucas had drawn for her in 1985 that identified locations where murder, kidnapping and drug-running operations were conducted. She told a reporter for the Brownsville Herald: 'Henry told me there were a lot of different cults in Mexico who were involved in satanic worship and everything. I found the map and realized he had marked this cult and drug ring near Brownsville.' The attorney general's office chose not to take action."
(Programmed to Kill, David McGowan, pg. 88)
Whether Kim Henkel was aware of these things at the time is difficult to say but it would hardly be surprising if Henry Lee Lucas's stories of the Hand of Death cult and the actual Matamoros cult at least partly inspired the bizarre plot line of Next Generation. In general, Next Generation seems ahead of its time in terms of conspiracy theories. Conspiracy culture had just begun to go mainstream in the early 1990s, in no small part due to the massive success of the X-Files, but strands such as the Illuminati and especially the whole serial killer cult notion did not begin to gain much traction until the late 90s/early 00s. What's more, there's a possibility that Henkel had been toying with such a plot line well before Next Generation actually began filming. Fearnet.com remarks:
"Rumor has it that Henkel had submitted this script to be Texas Chainsaw Massacre III and New Line rejected it. In fact, when Leatherface director Jeff Burr initially met for that movie, his recollection was that the original treatment involved a group of kids going to a prom. So once the rights expired at New Line, it seems Henkel made the sequel he had always wanted to make."

Leatherface: Texas Chainsaw Massacre III was released in January 1990 so Henkel's pitch could have been no later than 1989. I've been unable to verify whether or not Henkel's treatment for Leatherface included the Illuminati/serial killer cult subplots, but it would be quite incredible if it did. Indeed, it could almost be insinuated that Henkel was trying to make a veiled statement about something.

Especially striking is the final scene involving Jenny and Rothman. Rothman refers to Jenny's encounter with the Slaughter clan as a "spiritual experience" and compares himself to Jenny in at least one instance. The insinuation seems to be that the Slaughter clan was some type of test which Jenny passed despite the failings of her instructors and that Rothman is offering her a position in whatever organization he works for.

Jenny of course refuses and ends up at a local hospital where she seemingly witnesses a former participant in Rothman's test who wasn't so fortunate (or who attempted to expose it). The implication seems to be that the Slaughter clan (and similar such setups) have been administering their unique form of "spiritual experiences" for a long time and will likely continue to do so for the foreseeable future . But so much for the conspiracy angles.


On a third and more abstract level Next Generation and its allusions to the "meaning of horror" can be seen as symbolic of the purpose of horror movies as a whole in our society. For any number of pre-teens they are a kind of modern day rite of passage in which the viewer overcomes their childhood fears. In a way this is not unlike the rituals of terror, rooted in the ancient fear of the dark, that any number of religions have practiced as part of their initiation ceremonies involving the young. Frequently such rituals were performed in caves.
"The fear of the dark, which is so strong in children, has been said to be a function of their fear of returning to the womb: the fear that their recently achieved daylight consciousness and not yet secure individuality should be reabsorbed... A terrific sense of claustrophobia, and simultaneously of release from every context of the world above, assails the mind impounded in those more than absolutely dark abysses, where darkness no longer is an absence of light but an experienced force. And when a light is flashed to reveal the beautifully painted bulls and mammoths, flocks of reindeer, trotting ponies, woolly rhinos, and dancing shamans of those caves, the images smite the mind as indelible imprints. It is obvious that the idea of death-and-rebirth, rebirth through ritual and with a fresh organization of profoundly impressed sign stimuli, is an extremely ancient one in the history of culture, and that everything was done, even in the period of the paleolithic caves, to inspire in the youngster being symbolically killed a reactivation of their childhood fear of the dark. The psychological value of such a 'shock treatment' for the shattering of a no longer wanted personality structure appears to have been methodically utilized in time-tested pedagogical crisis of brainwashing and simultaneously reconditioning of the IRMs, for the conversion of babes to men, dependable hunters, and courageous defenders of the tribe."
(Masks of God: Volume I, Joseph Campbell, pgs. 65-66)
The similarities between the paleolithic caves in which these rituals were performed and modern day movie theater should be obvious. In this way virtually all movies are a type of initiation, but horror films with their emphasis on terror seem especially close to their prehistoric predecessors. In our modern society they are a way of overcoming our fears of the dark and the monsters which reside within. They also have the added benefit of desensitizing us to violence and death via their "shock treatment," though whether this is for good or ill is highly debatable. Perhaps then in this interpretation we find the "meaning of horror" that Rothman spoke of.


Taken on this level Henkel's take on horror in Next Generation seems to be either a rejection or mockery of this form of initiation. Or perhaps Henkel himself failed his initiation into the studio system because of insistence upon being a "silly boy." Either way, it certainly makes for far more profound thinking than one would imagine a film of this nature would inspire.

And it is at this point that I shall wrap things up. over the course of this series we have seen some quite remarkable instances of synchronicity and zeitgeist and some most unexpected places. But then again, as we've seen over the course of this series, horror films (much like other much-maligned genres such as science fiction and fantasy) into something very primitive in the human experience, especially in a spiritual sense. It is not then surprising that so many horror films have achieved an iconic status that more "serious" films could ever hope for.

The Business of Guns



One of my readers sent me a compelling video on the firearms industry that I think other regulars of this blog shall enjoy. It is:

"The Business of Guns"


Enjoy.

Saturday, April 20, 2013

Something Is Happeing Part II --Updated 4/21


It seems like twilight language and synchronicities abound everywhere nowadays. President Barack Obama and a senator named Wicker (who resides in Tupelo, Mississippi, most famous for being the birthplace of Elvis Presley) both receive letters allegedly containing the poison ricin from an individual known to perform as an Elvis impersonator from time to time. The letters were sent from Memphis, Tennessee, the city associated with the death of two kings in the American consciousness: Elvis and Martin Luther King Jr., who was assassinated on April 4.



alleged ricin mailer and Elvis impersonator Paul Kevin Curtis (top), Senator Roger Wicker (middle) and the notorious Wicker man (bottom) which the senator's name invokes

Elsewhere a fertilizer plant explodes in West, Texas, a small town located roughly 20 miles north of Waco, Texas on April 17th. This is precisely two day shy of the twentieth anniversary of the final day of the Waco siege, which occurred on April 19. Stranger still, the fertilizer storage facility contained ammonium nitrate, the same substance used in the Oklahoma City bombing (which also occurred on April 19).



the West, Texas fertilizer plant explosion (top), the final day of the Waco siege (middle) and the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing (bottom)

And then of course there's the whole thing playing out around the Boston area.

an image from the bombing

As I'm sure many of you are aware by now the two chief Boston Marathon bombing suspects are Chechen brothers Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the former of whom having already been killed during a dramatic shootout around Cambridge with authorities on the night of April 18 (or possibly in the early hours of April 19) while the latter was arrested barely alive as I was writing this blog.

the Tsarnaev brothers, Tamerlane (left) and Dzhokhar (right)

The Boston Marathon bombing itself was riddled with twilight language, especially in terms of the dates and location (Boston was one of the first and most significant Masonic cities in the United States) which I already discussed in depth here and will not regurgitate presently. The brothers themselves also presented several interesting instances of twilight language. Dzhokhar apparently became a naturalized US citizen on September 11, 2012, which is both the 11 year anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks as well as the day of the Benghazi attack in which US Ambassador Christopher Stevens was killed.


9/11 (top) and Stevens body in Benghazi (bottom)

The last name of the brothers, Tsarnaev, features the words Tsar, the title of the Russian Emperor. The word Tsar was in turn adapted from the Latin title Caesar, the name of the Roman dictator (who was assassinated on March 15) as well as a title later adopted by Rome's emperors. The older brother's first name, Tamerlan, is likely taken for the historic name for Timur, a Turkish ruler who founded the Timurid dynasty. Thus the brothers, but especially Tamerlan (who appears to be the only one to have died) have an association with royalty, emperorship and even kingship. And when such memes appear in a series of events such as these I can't help but be reminded of James Shelby Downard and Michael A. Hoffman's legendary but highly controversial 'Killing of the Divine King' concepts, famously expressed in the essay "King Kill 33."


Naturally both are Muslims, a revelation the media has been telegraphing since practically the beginning of this whole affair. That they are Chechen is especially interesting. Of course Chechnya has been the site of an ongoing civil war between the Chechens and the Russian Federation practically ever since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This conflict has witnessed several high profile terror attacks, which included the 2002 Moscow theater incident in which militants took some 800 people hostage for two days. The incident ended with Russian special forces raiding the theater, resulting in the deaths of 41 hostage takers and 129 hostages (many of whom were allegedly killed by the gas used by Russian forces). Even more notable was a 2004 incident in which Chechen insurgents took hundreds of hostages in the Russian town of Beslan. This siege also ended two days later, this time with some 330 people (about half of whom were children) being killed.

an image from the Beslan school incident

While many are perplexed by Russia's obsession with such a seemingly insignificant country Chechnya has in fact become a highly strategically important region for Russia in the modern era.
"In a similar vein, for centuries the definition of Russian national greatness was equated with the acquisition of territory, and even at the end of the twentieth century, the Russian insistence on retaining control over such non-Russian people as the Chechens, who live around a vital oil pipeline, has been justified by the claim that such control is essential to Russia's status as a great power."
(The Grand Chessboard, Zbigniew Brzezinski, pg. 37)


As such it would also seemingly have strategic value to the United States as well and indeed the Russians have alleged from time to time that the US intelligence community has been involved with militant groups in Chechnya. In 2009 Ramzan Kadyrov, the Russian-backed head of the Republic of Chechnya, denounced a CIA presence among the militants within his nation. Reuters noted:
"Former rebel-turned-Moscow-ally Ramzan Kadyrov said in comments to Zavtra newspaper reprinted on his official website that he had seen the U.S. driving license of a CIA operative who was killed in a security operation he led.
"Chechen authorities have previously said insurgents following the radical Wahabist form of Islam receive support from international Islamist groups sympathetic to al-Qaeda, but have not accused the West of instigating violence.
"'We're fighting in the mountains with the American and English intelligence agencies. They are fighting not against Kadyrov, not against traditional Islam, they are fighting against the sovereign Russian state,' he said. 
"The West sought to attack both Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and the country as a whole by targeting the country's weakest regions, Kadyrov said in the comments republished prominently on www.chechnya.gov.ru.
"Kadyrov was appointed by Moscow as a bulwark against separatist rebels in the mainly Muslim province, but rights activists say he flouts federal laws and is himself responsible for much of the violence that has grown in recent months. 
"'The West is interested to cut off the Caucasus from Russia. The Caucasus - a strategic frontier of Russia. If they take away the Caucasus from Russia, it's like taking away half of Russia.'
Ramzan Kadyrov

What the long-term implications of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects being Chechen is impossible to say at this point but such a revelation has the potential to seriously strain US-Russian relations more so than they already are. At worst it could be a rationalization for militarily intervening in the Caucasus, an action that would instigate the Cold War Part II (at best).

That both brothers apparently lived in Cambridge is also interesting as this whole area, due in no small part to the presence of Harvard and MIT, has witnessed more than a few nefarious activities by the US intelligence community over the years. In fact, at least one other well-known terrorist had connections to the area: Ted Kaczynski, better known as the Unabomber. Compelling evidence has emerged in recent years that Kaczynski participated in the notorious MK-ULTRA experiments, possibly having been recruited by Dr. Robert Hyde.
"As a result of the research by Alston Chase, we know today that Hyde recruited Harvard University students, possibly including notorious Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski, for a series of CIA-funded LSD experiments that spanned at least two years. Chase reveals that in the spring of 1945, Hyde paid a group of six Harvard seniors $15 an hour to participate in the experiment using a drug they had never heard of, 'lysergic acid.'"
(A Terrible MistakeH.P. Albarelli, pg. 299)
Ted Kaczynski

Indeed, Boston was a kind of ground zero for LSD. The individual generally credited with first bringing LSD into the United States was a Boston Psychopathic Hospital-based neuropsychiatrist named Max Rinkel. In 1949 he administered the substance to Hyde, who would become a CIA consultant in several years, marking what was the first reported acid trip on domestic soil.

Shortly over a decade later Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert famously began their entheogen ventures while working at Harvard University. Also making the scene was Harvard professor and psychologist Dr. Henry Murray, who had served in the OSS during World War II conducting inquiries into potential "truth drug" serums. He studied the effects of the hallucinogenic scopolamine in this endeavor, among other things. Murray was also reportedly involved in the LSD experiments that featured Theodore Kaczynski.


But Harvard wasn't the only university in the Boston area getting in on the fun -- MIT also developed a very close (and highly lucrative) relationship with the US intelligence community.
"Academic scientists were largely untapped by government before the period leading up to World War II. Today, it is hard to believe that colleges and universities once feared and resisted the intrusion of the national government in their research priorities. This attitude changed drastically in the late 1930s as new academic leaders welcomed government support as a largely unexplored source of income but tried to minimize interference in scientific work, with mixed results. No institution exemplified this new cooperative spirit between government and the  academy more than the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which, under Karl Compton, devoted itself to the application of physical theory in solving a host of engineering challenges. Harvard President James B. Conant, a chemist by training, and MIT Provost Vannevar Bush, an early computer scientist who became president of Washington's Carnegie Institute, led the Roosevelt administration's crash program to realize the benefits of scientific research for the war.
"Bush led the White House's Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), which infused millions of dollars into scientific research during the war, mainly through the Committee on Medical Research (CMR). The CMR's projects included several that involved human experiments with conscientious objectors, prisoners, and persons with mental retardation. The OSRD was also a crucial player in the  Continuous wartime discussions about whether the nation's atomic energy resources would eventually be under civilian or military control or some combination."
(Mind Wars, Jonathan D. Moreno, pgs. 23-24)
Vannevar Bush

This snug relationship between the defense establishment and MIT continues to this very day.
"As a result of this consistent commitment to science through all presidential administration since World War II, the military-academic complex is now an integral element in the economics of our leading research universities. The Association of American Universities reported in 2002 that nearly 350 colleges and universities receive Pentagon research contracts, 60 percent of basic research funding. Leaders were the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which was scheduled to receive half a billion dollars from DoD contracts in 2003, and John Hopkins, which was to get $300 million."
 (ibid, pg. 20)
This makes the appearance of the Tsarnaev brothers at MIT where they murdered campus police officer Sean Collier on the night of April 18 all the more curious. Neither apparently had any ties to the university, with the media claiming that Dzhokhar attended the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, and thus far authorities haven't given any indication as to their motives for appearing there.


Finally, there are those peculiar photos that have appeared online showing two people dressed almost identically, sporting earpieces, and carrying backpacks. Initially the conspiracy media alleged that these individuals were Navy SEALs but close-ups of one of the individual's ballcap reveals a logo similar to the one used by Craft International, a private military company. This outfit was in the news of late when its founder Chris Kyle, a former Navy SEAL with the most confirmed kills of any sniper in US military history, was murdered on a shooting range in Texas by a fellow veteran.


the Craft International logo (top) and the alleged Boston Marathon bombing private contractors (bottom) 

Of course it's recently been acknowledged by Blackwater founder Erik Prince that his former company developed a very close relationship with the CIA but close ties between PMCs and the US intelligence community go back years. Some researchers have alleged that this network of PMCs and the like has become a kind of "shadow" CIA known as "the Enterprise," among other names.
"... a shadow network called The Enterprise, a cluster of private intelligence organizations (PIOs) and private military firms (PMFs). These were staffed by former CIA and Pentagon officers who saw themselves as Paladins of the Cold War. Many PIOs and PMFs got their start in the 1970s during shakeups at the CIA. They must mushroomed in the 1980s after Jimmy Carter stirred up the anthill, and strongly motivated men had to continue their careers elsewhere...
"Many of these clever and aggressive men regrouped privately, with funding from hard-right organizations like the Birch Society, Moonies, World Anti-Communist League, and wealthy tycoons... The Enterprise grew into a powerful and influential network during the late 1980s. Although they were private citizens, these men continued to have close ties with serving military officers, to top men in the CIA and the armed services. This overlap made it nearly impossible to distinguish between official US government operations and those that had private objectives. This was especially true because so many of these individuals had long experience in covert operations, deception, and the clandestine use of government resources and secret funds. They were accustomed to working with CIA proprietaries that had every appearance of being legitimate companies in private industry but were actually Trojan Horses for the intelligence community and, by extension, for the armed forces. In fact, some of the PMFs were little more than fronts set up so that generals, admirals, and former spooks could continue to draw salaries and pensions as if they had never left government service. Many CIA agent spent years or even decades under various covers, so it was hard to establish beyond any doubt whether they ever left the Agency, or merely went underground."
(Gold Warriors, Sterling & Peggy Seagrave, pgs. 186-187)
another image of the alleged Craft International employees at the Boston Marathon

This makes the possible presence of such an organization at the Boston Marathon bombing compelling but not necessarily damning. The 2012 London Olympics, for instance, initially tried to use private security firms for the bulk of the security for the event. That the Boston Marathon may have brought in some private contractors to beef up the security would hardly be unusual. Thus, the earpieces the guys in the photo appear to have do not necessarily have a nefarious purpose, but the backpacks are a bit harder to explain.

an image from the London Olympics

Still, I find the possibility that Craft International or some like organization actually carried out the attack to be unlikely because of the low death toll --If nothing else, these organizations are very good at killing people and have a lot of experience at it. On the flip side of the coin they would make excellent handlers for the Tsarnaev brothers due to the whole plausible deniability thing (which is why a lot of the more nefarious aspects of intelligence work were outsourced in the first place).

And it is here that I shall wrap things up with a few closing thoughts. Despite the low loss of life the present psychodrama has cast a wave of paranoia and fear upon the American consciousness. The specters of Elvis, the MLK assassination, Waco, the Oklahoma City bombing, 9/11, Benghazi, MK-ULTRA, the Unabomber and Blackwater linger over present events like some type of shadow Americana. These are the hungry ghosts of the American soul, empowered in no small part because many of the above mentioned events were never thoroughly investigated and resolved. And more of the same already seems underway in regards to the Boston Marathon bombing and surrounding events.


I can only marvel at the power the prior mentioned events have had on our collective conscious as a nation and shudder at the thought of where we are going from here. In recent days we have been presented with images of an America that more closely resembles Iraq or Afghanistan then the nation many of us remember from our childhood --Human limbs blown off from makeshift bombs, a city in total lockdown, paramilitary forces patrolling the streets in heavily armored vehicles, gunfights in the streets.

Where do we go from here?

 
 
UPDATED 4/20:
 
 
The synchs just keep coming: Late on April 19 Abdella Ahmad Tounisi of Aurora, Illinois was arrested by the FBI as he prepared to board a plane at Chicago O'Hare international Airport bound for Turkey. Apparently Mr. Tounisi planned to join up with an Al Qaeda-linked cell in Syria. Mr. TounisiIs also allegedly a friend of Adel Daoud, an individual who was accused last year of trying to stage a bombing outside of a Chicago bar. Naturally the individual who recruited Mr. Tounisi into this terror cell was an undercover FBI employee. The city from which Mr. Tounisi hails of course synchs with Aurora, Colorado, the site of the 2012 Aurora theater shooting.
 
alleged Aurora theater shooter James Eagan Holmes
 
Then on April 20 shots rang out at a Denver 4/20 rally that organizers had expected to draw some 80,000 cannabis proponents. Ultimately three people were wounded, one man and one woman both being shot in the leg while a third individual was grazed by a bullet.
 
one of the individuals shot at the 4/20 rally in Denver
 
April 20 is the date on which the Columbine school shooting occurred in 1999 at Columbine, Colorado, a suburb near the Denver-Aurora area. As noted above, the Boston Marathon bombing saga featured the mysterious shooting of an MIT police officer near the campus, invoking any number of horrific American school shootings in recent years.
 
4/20 has become something of a holiday in cannabis culture over the past few decades. The Denver rally was the first large-scale holiday celebration since cannabis was legalized in the state of Colorado during the 2012 election cycle. The origins of the 4/20 celebration are murky at best and potentially rather sinister. 4/20 was of course a major holiday in Nazi Germany as it was the birthday of Adolf Hitler. I've written much more on this topic before here.
 
None the less, in honor of this celebration I give you Freedom Hawk's "Bandito." Enjoy.
 
 
 UPDATE II 4/21:
 
 
The plot continues to thicken. The FBI has acknowledged that they had contact with Tamerlane Tsarnaev prior to the Boston Marathon bombing via a 2011 interview that they allegedly conducted of behalf of a foreign government concerned that he was a "follower of radical Islam." Tamerlane's mother has alleged that the FBI's contact with her son went we beyond a mere interview. The UK Guardian reports:
"One of the two men suspected of being behind the Boston Marathon bombings was under FBI surveillance as a suspected 'extremist' for at least three years, according to his parents.
"As questions were raised about how well known Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were to federal investigators, their mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, said that the FBI had spoken to the family regularly: 'They were telling me that Tamerlan was really an extremist leader and they were afraid of him. They told me whatever information he is getting, he gets from these extremists' sites.' She added that the police were monitoring her son 'at every step'...
"The revelation that the FBI was monitoring the elder Tsarnaev brother will lead to a debate over whether the attack could have been prevented. The men's father – who claims that his sons have been framed – supplied more details about the FBI's interest in Tamerlan in a telephone interview with the Wall Street Journal. Anzor Tsarnaev said that agents had talked to Tamerlan in 2011. They described him as a "person of interest".
"'Yes, I was there. It was in Cambridge [Massachusetts]. They said: "We know what sites you are on, we know where you are calling, we know everything about you. Everything".' He added: 'They said we are checking and watching – that's what they said.' In a message to his son, he said: 'Tell police everything. Everything. Just be honest.' 
"The parents' claims appear to contradict a statement by the FBI saying that, after checks on Tamerlan and his family, along with a review of travel records, internet activity and personal associations, it 'did not find any terrorism activity'. Officials have added that the brothers had not been under surveillance. 
"Since his death, it has been revealed that a YouTube account believed to be managed by Tamerlan linked to online material concerning radical preachers, terrorism and a religious prophecy supposedly popular with al-Qaida followers. The motives behind the brothers' attack remain mysterious. Although Tamerlan had been described as becoming more religious in recent years, acquaintances of the brothers described a pair whose behaviour was often at odds with strict Islam, including Dzhokhar's fondness for hip-hop and skateboarding and consumption of soft drugs."

The Guardian article also reveals that Dzhokhar apparently ran over Tamerlane with a car after his older brother had been wounded in a shootout with police that erupted after the bizarre killing of a cop on the MIT campus. I can't help but feel the MIT incident is crucial to understanding this whole saga.

It also warrants noting that almost half of the terrorism-related cases the FBI has prosecuted in the wake of 9/11 involved the use of informants, many of whom were working for the FBI for money or to avoid criminal charges. Of 158 prosecutions carried out 49 defendants participated in plots arranged by said FBI informants. Did the FBI assist the brothers Tsarnaev in plotting the Boston Marathon attack?


For some strange reason I don't think Congress will be investigating such possibilities to thoroughly, especially after the FBI's interrogation "specialists" start working out a motive with Dzhokhar (who is naturally being denied his Miranda rights for his initial interrogation with the Feds).